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what are the characteristics of death by metastatic to liver from prostate cancer

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Quality of life in men with metastatic prostate cancer in their last years before expiry – a retrospective analysis of prospective information

  • Sandra Dovesonone,2,
  • Olav Lindqvist3,four,
  • Agneta Wennman-Larsen1,two &
  • Per Fransson4,five

BMC Palliative Care book 17, Commodity number:126 (2018) Cite this article

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Abstract

Background

Quality of Life (QoL) is the most important consequence for patients in palliative care forth with symptom alleviation. Metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) is a life-threatening disease, and hence, a palliative care approach may be benign to this grouping. Over fourth dimension, new life-prolonging treatments have been developed for men with mPC, but the possibility to prolong life should also be balanced against the men'due south QoL, peculiarly because there are side furnishings involved with these treatments. The aim of this study was to evaluate QoL, functioning and symptoms in men with mPC during their final years earlier death.

Methods

This is a retrospective assay of data from a long-term prospective written report of men (north = 3885) with prostate cancer from ii regions in Sweden. Validated questionnaires asking about participants' QoL, functioning and symptoms were used to collect data. From the overall report, 190 men with mPC were identified. They were stratified into three groups, depending on the amount of fourth dimension that had passed between the last questionnaire and their expiry; < half dozen months, 6–18 months and > 18 months earlier death.

Results

Men with mPC generally rated their QoL poorly compared to established clinically significant threshold values. The group of men that were < 6 months before death rated their QoL, functioning and several symptoms significantly worse than the two other groups. Men that died subsequently the year 2006 reported lower QoL and functioning and more pain and fatigue than those who died before 2006.

Conclusion

The results in this study point that men with mPC accept unmet needs with regards to QoL and symptoms. A palliative care approach, aslope possible life-prolonging treatments, that focuses on QoL and symptom relief, may serve as an of import frame to requite the best back up to these men in their concluding years of life.

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Background.

Prostate cancer (PC) is a common cancer type in men in the OECD-countries that take many lives yearly [1, ii]. In Sweden, 10,439 men were diagnosed with PC and 2357 men died because of the affliction in 2015 [3].

Most men with PC are diagnosed with localized disease. However, 10–20% of the men are diagnosed with metastatic illness (mPC) and twenty–xxx% will develop metastases during the course of illness [4]. It is nearly common that PC metastasizes to bone (particularly the pelvis and spine), which tin can pb to incapacitating pain and fractures. Bone metastases occur in 70% of men with avant-garde disease and are present in 90% of men who dice from PC. Other symptoms associated with mPC are fatigue and bug with urinary- and sexual operation [5]. Over the last decade, the treatment of men with mPC has progressed, with new therapies contributing to increased survival even in men that have become resistant to hormone treatment [6]. Symptoms such equally diarrhoea and nausea/airsickness are known side-effects associated with these life-prolonging treatments [seven]. Hence, men with mPC may crave a palliative care approach focused on promoting quality of life (QoL) and symptom relief [8] early in the class of illness and aslope life-prolonging treatments [9].

Although at that place are many studies on QoL and symptoms in men with PC, near of them are from the early stages of the disease and frequently related to curative treatment, or from a palliative care context in the concluding weeks of life. Very few studies take focused on men with advanced PC earlier during their affliction trajectory. A mini-review concluded that enquiry should place more focus on patient-centred outcomes and not just on patient survival [10]. A study from 2008 [11] demonstrated that men with mPC had various forms of pain, fatigue and sexual problems only that they were non necessarily distressed by their symptoms. Qualitative studies take concluded that advanced PC affects men'due south lives: they are placed in a new life state of affairs, against their will, with increasing actual changes and symptoms and in their new situation they form a new life perspective [12, 13].

PC has been described as especially suited to palliative intendance, as the progress of the disease is often long and wearisome compared to other forms of cancer [8]. A Cochrane review showed that an early integration of palliative care principles can amend QoL and reduce the symptom burden in patients with advanced cancer. These principles can too be applied in combination with life-prolonging treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy [14]. In Sweden, palliative intendance has been given increased priority over the final decade. In 2006, a report was presented by the National Board of Wellness and Welfare focusing on the development of palliative care in Sweden and the needs for improvement [15]. In the aforementioned year, a national quality annals for palliative intendance was also introduced [sixteen]. Since then, palliative intendance services in Sweden have expanded greatly. In a study from 2016, it was plant that palliative intendance services in Sweden had been significantly developed between 2005 and 2012 and that the rate of palliative habitation care teams had increased from 0.55 to one.13 per 100,000 citizens, making the coverage one of the highest in Europe [17].

Fifty-fifty if the life-prolonging treatment options for men with mPC accept inverse dramatically in recent years, from a palliative care perspective, the prolonged life-expectancy must be balanced against men's QoL in this advanced stage of the disease. Therefore, the relevance of evaluating palliative intendance outcomes, like QoL, pain and fatigue, also every bit physical- and emotional functioning are of essential importance. Farther, more prostate specific outcomes like urinary and bowel problems and sexual functioning should also exist assessed in this group [18]. Conclusively, there is a need for more knowledge almost men with life-threatening mPC and their life situation. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate QoL, performance and symptoms in men with mPC in their final years before death.

Methods

Data collection

Data were taken from a prospective report [xix] of 3885 men with primary localized PC from two regions in Sweden. Data were collected through repeated questionnaires and from medical records. Inclusion criteria for the prospective study were; being diagnosed with localized PC and scheduled for handling, with radiotherapy, with or without hormonal therapy, or radical prostatectomy. The men were included between the years 1992 and 2007. Upon inclusion, they were all listed with a cancer specialist physician at their oncology unit and had access to a social worker for support if needed. They were followed upwards to twenty years after inclusion until 2017. From the patient's records, information was nerveless regarding fourth dimension of diagnosis, date of treatment and decease. Questionnaires were distributed before and subsequently the start of primary handling and so 3 months and 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 20 years subsequently inclusion. The patients were invited to participate in the report by a nurse at the radiotherapy or urology department before their first treatment. Patients were asked to complete the questionnaire and to return it to the clinic staff. In the subsequent follow-ups, patients received the questionnaires by mail service and later on completion they were returned by mail in prepaid envelopes. A reminding alphabetic character was sent to those who did not respond within iv weeks.

Because the present report had a focus on patients with advanced disease that may have palliative care needs, a subsample was selected, which only included patients with mPC, that had died during their follow upwards period upwards until October 2017. The focus of the present study was to retrospectively analyse the patient's situation before death and hence, only the last questionnaire before the patient's death was used. To evaluate the situation for patients in various stages of their illness, the patients were stratified into iii groups depending on the amount of time that had passed between the final questionnaire and their death; died < half dozen months after the last questionnaire; died 6–18 months later the last questionnaire and died > 18 months after the last questionnaire.

Measurements

The European Organization of Research and Handling of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire version 3.0 (EORTC-QLQ-C30) [twenty] is an instrument designed to measure Global health/ QoL in patients with cancer. It is a thirty-item calibration composed of five functional scales, three symptom scales, a global health status and half dozen single item symptom measures. In that location are iv response alternatives ("non at all", "a lilliputian", "quite a fleck" and "very much"), except for global health/QoL, that has seven response options, ranging from "very poor" to "excellent". Scores are calculated either by scale or past item and transformed into a 0–100 scale. High values indicate either proficient functioning or high symptomatology [21]. The instrument has been validated for patients with cancer [22]. For the present study, items/scales measuring QoL, social, cognitive, emotional, physical and role performance, fatigue, pain, nausea, dyspnoea, insomnia, constipation, loss of ambition and diarrhoea were used. In this study, the men's scores were compared against threshold values that accept been established for some of the scales in previous studies. These values indicate the need for attention from clinicians [23,24,25].

Iii items from The Prostate Cancer Symptom Scale (PCSS) [26] were also used in this written report. This questionnaire was developed to measure the level of distress by PC specific symptoms and includes 56 items distributed over four categories (general symptoms, bladder-, bowel symptoms, and sexual function). The instrument uses a modified linear analogue scale ranging between 0 and 10, where 0  =  "no trouble/very good function" and 10  =  "many issues/very bad function". The three questions that were used for this report were: "Do you have whatever urinary problems?" "Do yous have whatsoever bowel issues?" and "Practice you take any bug with your sex life?"

Data analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 13.one (StataCorp, College Station, TX, The states). For all analyses, p ≤ 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Data were initially analysed through descriptive statistics to explore the background characteristics of the 3 groups of men with mPC in their final years earlier decease. Characteristics included their hateful age, a classification of their primary tumour, the proportion receiving hormone handling and the number of years with PC and mPC. To compare the level of self-rated QoL, functioning and symptoms between the three groups, one-mode ANOVA was performed. To place where the differences lay between the groups, a mail-hoc test was performed with Tukey'south method, where the groups were compared pairwise regarding their ratings of the studied outcomes.

Further, the Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons was performed, equally several hypotheses were tested, increasing the chance of committing Type-I errors. Since the number of men in the various phases differed and because the variables were somewhat unevenly distributed, it was too decided to run a nonparametric Kruskal Wallis rank sum-examination to confirm the results. The results from this analysis was however consequent with the results from the ANOVA and hence the results from the ANOVA are presented in the results section and in Table 2.

Because data was collected over a long period of time, and the options for treatment of PC in advanced stages, as well as the arrangement and coverage of specialised palliative care have inverse dramatically during these years, it was decided to also compare the outcomes during two time-periods, earlier 2006 and during or afterward 2006. This was the median year of expiry of the sample in this written report and was considered a relevant time-bespeak for two reasons. I was that the outset life-prolonging treatments for metastatic castration refractory prostate cancer was approved in 2004 [27], but Swedish policy documents bespeak that it took some time earlier these were fully implemented equally the first handling-option for this group of patients [28]. The other was that a national quality register for palliative care was introduced this twelvemonth, potentially giving focus on these questions from a healthcare perspective [fifteen, 16]. The mean outcomes were compared with t-tests between the grouping that had died before 2006 and those who had died during or after 2006.

Results

Sample characteristics

From the overall sample (northward = 3885) in the prospective study, 212 (5%) men with mPC were identified. Of them, thirteen were registered as all the same live in October 2017 and considering the focus of this study was on the men's situation earlier death, they were excluded from farther analysis. Further, nine men were excluded due to incomplete questionnaires. Hence, the final sample consisted of 190 men. Their mean historic period was 70.6 years (SD = vii.1) at the time of the last questionnaire. They were stratified into three groups based on the fourth dimension passing between the final questionnaire and appointment of decease (died < vi months afterwards the last questionnaire; died vi–eighteen months after the last questionnaire and died > 18 months afterward the last questionnaire) (Table 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of the written report sample of 190 men with metastatic prostate cancer grouped on time from last questionnaire to death

Full size table

QoL, functioning and symptoms

The average rating of QoL for men with mPC in their last measurement earlier death was 56.0, which is below the established threshold value for clinical attention of 70. In total, lxx.1% of the men in all three groups rated their QoL below the threshold value. However, there were significant differences in the groups' ratings of their QoL (p < 0.001). The post hoc analysis of pairwise means between the groups revealed that the men who died < 6 months after their terminal questionnaire scored their QoL significantly lower than the other 2 groups of men (Tables 2 and 3).

Table two Men with metastatic prostate cancer's ratings of their QoL, operation and symptoms (mean, SD, proportions) in relation to clinically relevant threshold values, as well every bit comparisons between groups based on time from last questionnaire to decease p-values from I way ANOVA

Total size table

The functional scales ranged between mean 60.2 and 78.iv. The hateful score for physical function (72.9) was beneath the threshold value (83) and 54.five% of all men rated their concrete part below 83. The < half-dozen months group rated their social-, emotional, concrete and role functioning significantly lower in comparing with the other 2 groups. The level of cognitive part was too significantly lower in the < six months group compared to the > 18 months group (p < 0.001), simply not in the < 6 months group compared to the 6–xviii months grouping (p = 0.08). The difference betwixt the 6–xviii months group and the > 18 months was significant for part operation, simply non for whatsoever of the other performance scales.

The symptom scores ranged between x.six and 39.two for all iii groups. The mean values for fatigue and hurting were above the established threshold values of 39 and 25 respectively, indicating a demand for clinical attention. 38.half-dozen% of all men in the report rated their fatigue above the threshold value and 49.5% rated their pain over the threshold value. The men who died < half dozen months after the last questionnaire reported more symptoms compared to the other two groups. The differences were significant (p < 0.05) for all values except insomnia and diarrhoea. The post hoc analysis of pairwise ways showed that the < 6 months group had worse scores in all symptom scales except insomnia and diarrhoea than both the 6–18 months and the > 18 months group (Tabular array 3). The comparison between the vi–18 months and the > 18 months grouping showed that even though the six–eighteen months group by and large reported more than symptoms, the differences were only significant regarding their corporeality of fatigue (p = 0.02).

Table iii Pairwise comparisons in men'southward last years before deatha

Full size table

Regarding prostate-specific outcomes, significant differences between the groups were found for bowel problems. The post hoc tests showed that the meaning difference was between the < vi months grouping and the > eighteen months grouping in their ratings of their bowel bug, where the < 6 months group had more problems (p = 0.02) (Tables two and 3).

Comparison between men who died earlier and after 2006

91 of the men had died before the twelvemonth 2006 and 99 men had died during or subsequently the year 2006. The men that had died during or after 2006 reported significantly lower ratings of QoL as well equally social-, emotional, physical- and role functioning compared to the men that had died before 2006. They too rated their fatigue and their pain significantly college. In that location were no pregnant differences between the two time-periods regarding prostate-specific symptoms (Table 4).

Table iv Comparisons of the outcomes over 2 periods of time

Full size table

Discussion.

The results of this report showed that men with mPC mostly rated their QoL and physical functioning poorly, compared to clinically of import threshold values. All 3 groups of men rated their QoL and physical functioning lower than the threshold values, indicating the need for clinical attention. The ratings for pain and fatigue were higher than the threshold values in the groups of men that died < 6 months and 6–eighteen months before the last questionnaire. Some other finding in this study was that men that died during or later on 2006 generally rated their QoL and functioning lower and symptoms similar pain and fatigue college than the group that died earlier 2006.

From a palliative care perspective QoL is the principal result along with symptom alleviation [29], hence the great proportion of men in all three groups that rated their QoL under the threshold value and their high ratings of symptoms similar hurting and fatigue compared to threshold values should exist taken seriously. In the nowadays study, the men that died < vi months afterwards the final questionnaire more often than not rated more than symptoms than the two other groups, which of course could exist attributed to the more than advanced disease. A cancer trajectory usually entails a reasonably anticipated decline of the concrete health [30] with a more rapid deterioration in the last months earlier death [31], and in this late stage, increasing bodily symptoms will often exist a dominant part of the person'southward life [xiii].

Earlier research has plant that a palliative intendance approach to life-threatening illness could reduce the symptom burden and improve QoL [32], indicating that information technology may be appropriate for men with mPC [eight]. It is also important to stress that even though men who were closer to death had worse ratings, focus should not just be at men with mPC in their terminal months of life. A Cochrane review found that an early integration of palliative care interventions in avant-garde cancer could lead to less symptom burden and a college QoL. Palliative care provides an boosted layer of support that can better QoL as well for patients with longer life expectancy and not just supportive care at end of life [v].

No meaning differences were found betwixt the groups with regards to urinary or sexual bug, which are typically associated with PC. All men in this sample had been treated with radiation therapy, and since this treatment, also as castration therapy, have a long-term effect on men's sexuality and urinary symptoms [33, 34] this may explicate that there were no differences betwixt the groups regarding sexual and urinary symptoms.

It is noteworthy that men in the group that died afterwards 2006 rated their QoL and functioning significantly lower and their pain and fatigue higher than the grouping that died before 2006. After 2006, the palliative care services in Sweden have expanded, focus on palliative care have also increased in other settings, and new policy documents have been presented that give this form of intendance a high priority [35]. Therefore, it is surprising that men who died after 2006 rate variables that traditionally are given a high focus in palliative care worse than those who died before 2006. A reason behind these ratings could exist that new life-prolonging treatments besides have side furnishings [36, 37], which could contribute to lower QoL ratings and higher symptom ratings.

These results highlight the importance of balancing between life expectancy and QoL in treatment decisions for these patients. Symptom relief, particularly for pain, has been declared an essential human being right [38], and should be given a high priority in the intendance of patients with mPC. Screening instruments could exist used to capture changes in the patient'southward ratings and threshold values could be used to evaluate the need for clinical attending. Although palliative intendance has traditionally been introduced in late stages of affliction, cooperation betwixt oncologists and palliative care teams can take place to provide the best care for men in all phases of mPC. An early on integration of palliative care could be offered aslope life-prolonging therapies but likewise when the patient is approaching the end of life [five, 9]. In conclusion, there is a identify for a palliative care arroyo in all time periods for patients with mPC.

Strengths and limitations

Strengths of this study included a reasonably large sample of participants and a very long follow-up time. The fact that all data are based on patient reported outcomes is another strength. Both parametric and non-parametric tests were performed, and the nonparametric tests confirmed the results from parametric tests. The results were also confirmed through a correction for multiple comparisons which could reduce the hazard of committing Type-1 errors.

There are also limitations to this study, which makes it necessary to be cautious in the interpretation of the results. The EORTC QLQ C-30 was initially adult for studying QoL, function and symptoms as an consequence for anti-cancer treatment in clinical trials and not for patients with advanced disease, although it has been used in several studies in this context. As well, the three groups in this report were not of equal size as the > 18 months group was more twice every bit large as the < six months group.

The findings are based on only 1 measurement of men with PC in their last years before decease. To further verify the results in this study, it would be interesting to study men with mPC over fourth dimension, through the various phases before expiry. Another limitation is the assumption that the men in this study died from mPC. Considering information on the bodily causes of death was not bachelor in this study, it could be possible that they died for other reasons. It would also have been valuable to take more data on which treatments the men received, equally this field has developed quickly over the last decade.

The segmentation between men who died earlier and after 2006 was based on the median for this sample and could exist considered capricious. Notwithstanding, as has been previously stated, this was an important year for the evolution of palliative care in Sweden. New life-prolonging treatments for mPC had also been presented in 2004 and Swedish policy documents imply that they were not fully implemented until a couple of years afterward.

Conclusions

Compared to established threshold values, men with mPC reported poor QoL and functioning particularly in the last few months before death, and a college level of symptoms like pain and fatigue. The men who died after 2006 had worse QoL, functioning and more pain and fatigue compared to those who died before 2006. Even though many new treatment options take been developed for this group, these results may signal the challenges in balancing between prolonging life expectancy and striving for best QoL in the last years of life for these men. A palliative care approach, that focuses on QoL and symptom relief, may serve as an important frame to give the best back up to these men in their terminal years of life. A future study involvement would exist to follow men with mPC over time and through life-prolonging treatments with a focus on QoL, functioning and symptoms.

Abbreviations

EORTC-QLQ:

European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of life Questionnaire

mPC:

Metastatic Prostate Cancer

PC:

Prostate Cancer

PCSS:

The Prostate Cancer Symptom Scale

QoL:

Quality of Life

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Acknowledgements

We desire to thank all patients with mPC who participated in the study.

Funding

This work was funded by the Kamprad family foundation, Växjö, Sweden. The funder was nevertheless not involved in designing, executing or reporting the study.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Nursing Sciences, Sophiahemmet Academy, Box 5606, 114 28, Stockholm, Sweden

    Maja Holm, Sandra Doveson & Agneta Wennman-Larsen

  2. Sectionalisation of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden

    Sandra Doveson & Agneta Wennman-Larsen

  3. Section of Learning, Informatics, Management & Ideals, Karolinska Institutet., 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden

    Olav Lindqvist

  4. Section of Nursing, Umeå Academy, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden

    Olav Lindqvist & Per Fransson

  5. Cancercentrum, Norrlands University Hospital, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden

    Per Fransson

Contributions

MH analysed data and drafted and revised the manuscript. PF collected data and revised the manuscript. SD, OL and AWL revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maja Holm.

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Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethical Review Lath in Umeå, Sweden, (Dnr 02–054). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in the report.

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Non applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Holm, Thousand., Doveson, S., Lindqvist, O. et al. Quality of life in men with metastatic prostate cancer in their final years before expiry – a retrospective analysis of prospective data. BMC Palliat Care 17, 126 (2018). https://doi.org/x.1186/s12904-018-0381-vi

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  • DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-018-0381-6

Keywords

  • Prostate cancer
  • Metastatic disease
  • Palliative care
  • Quality of life
  • Life-prolonging handling

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